PV5G-6-FG-S-3-N-A03 |
PV5G-6-FHG-D-3-N |
PV5G-6-FIG-D-3-N |
PV5G-6-FPG-D-3-N |
PV5G-8-FG-D-1-N |
PV5G-8-FG-D-3-N |
PV5G-8-FG-S-1-A03 |
PV5G-8-FG-S-3-N |
PV5G-8-FG-S-3-N-A03 |
PV5G-8-FHG-D-3-N |
PWS-B1992 |
QEV2-15 |
QEV2-20 |
QEV2-25 |
QEV2-8 |
R1000-6-L |
R1000-G-PLUG |
R4000-15 |
R6000-20 |
R8000-25-P12-FL360087 |
R8000-25-R1 |
R8100-20-BG41P-TC |
RCC2-00-32-35-R |
RCC2-00-40-25-L |
RCC2-00-40-35-L |
RCC2-00-50-40-R |
RCC2-FA-32-FL298536 |
RCC2-FA-50-FL283757 |
RCC2-FB-32-FL279443 |
RCC2-FB-40-FL296732 |
RCC2-FB-50-FL241728 |
RCC2-FK-00-50-40-R-FL |
RCC2-FK-00-50-70-L-FL |
RCC2-FK-00-50-70-R-FL |
RCC2-FK-H1-50-40-L-FC |
RP1000-8-02 |
RP1000-8-02-G49PB3 |
RP1000-8-04 |
RP1000-8-07 |
RP1000-8-07-G49PB3 |
RP2000-10-08 |
RRC-32-90 |
RRC-63-90-T0H-D |
RRC-8-90 |
RTD-3A |
RV3D20-90-45-SR |
RV3SA20-0-90-FR |
S1-CB-80 |
SAB-15AX020-N-FL365064 |
SAB1A-25A-0 |
測(cè)量范圍 | (-0.1~160)MPa,(0~50)kPa |
過(guò)載能力 | ≤10Mpa 200% ; >10Mpa 150% ; |
測(cè)量介質(zhì) | 與316不銹鋼兼容的氣體或液體 |
綜合精度 | ±0.5%FS |
報(bào)警點(diǎn)設(shè)置 | 全量程范圍可設(shè) 雙組繼電器信號(hào)(常開(kāi)常閉) |
長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定性 | 典型:±0.5%FS/年 |
負(fù)載能力 | 220VAC 5A 380VAC 3A 24VDC 5A |
供電電壓 | 24VDC 220VAC 380VAC(可選) |
電氣保護(hù) | 反極性保護(hù) 抗電磁干擾 |
采樣速度 | 5次/秒 |
壓力接口 | M20*1.5(其他可定制) |
工作溫度 | -20~ 80℃ |
補(bǔ)償溫度 | -10~60℃ |
電氣連接 | 固定8芯電纜直接出線(xiàn) 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)30cm |
出線(xiàn)定義 | 電源:紅 黑 1路: COM綠 NO白 NC棕 2路: COM藍(lán) NO黃 NC灰 |
實(shí)現(xiàn)功能 | 接線(xiàn)方法 |
代替電接點(diǎn)壓力表 | 低報(bào)警點(diǎn):棕色 高報(bào)警點(diǎn):黃色 公共端:綠藍(lán)并連 |
低壓閉合,高壓斷開(kāi) | 輸出:棕色+綠色 設(shè)定AL和回差Ad1 |
低壓斷開(kāi),高壓閉合 | 輸出:黃色+藍(lán)色 設(shè)定AH和回差Ad2 |
兩路高壓報(bào)警(高壓閉合) | 第1路:白色+綠色(設(shè)定AL) 第2路:藍(lán)色+黃色(設(shè)定AH) |
舉例實(shí)現(xiàn)壓力上升到10bar斷開(kāi)繼電器,下降到4bar閉合繼電器,可 使用第1路控制設(shè)置,AL設(shè)定4bar Ad1設(shè)定6bar;若使用第2路繼電器 控制設(shè)置,AH設(shè)定10bar,Ad2設(shè)定6bar。 |
壓力類(lèi)型 | 表壓-G、負(fù)壓-L、絕壓-A、復(fù)合壓-C | |
測(cè)量范圍 | 0~ X KPa、 0~ X MPa、 0~ X 壓力單位 | |
項(xiàng) 目 | 代 碼 | 參 數(shù) |
綜合精度 | 2 | ±0.5%FS |
供電顯示 | M1 | 24VDC |
M2 | 220VAC | |
M3 | 380VAC | |
壓力接口 | N1 | M20x1.5 外螺紋 |
N2 | G1/4外螺紋 | |
N4 | 客戶(hù)定制 | |
表盤(pán)尺寸 | S1 | 100mm |
S2 | 80mm | |
S3 | 60mm | |
安裝方式 | X | 徑向安裝 |
Y | 軸向安裝 | |
附加功能 | P | 齊平膜 |
C | 防腐訂制 | |
ED | 本安防爆型 | |
KF | 卡箍 | |
DN | 法蘭 | |
選型舉例:AE-C-G(0-1MPa)-1-M1-N1-S1-X |
三通擋板式流量開(kāi)關(guān) 參數(shù):
參數(shù) | 值 |
接口 | 1/2”、3/4”、1” |
調(diào)節(jié)范圍 | 6-1800L/min |
耐壓 | 1.6MPa |
三通擋板式流量開(kāi)關(guān) 產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明:
FB12系列擋板式流量開(kāi)關(guān),可用于水冷卻系統(tǒng)或潤(rùn)滑油路系統(tǒng)作為流量控制或報(bào)警保護(hù)之用。設(shè)定值為可調(diào),用戶(hù)可根據(jù)需要自行調(diào)整。FB12系列擋板式流量開(kāi)關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)件采用不銹鋼材料,為防止運(yùn)動(dòng)件的銹蝕,使用壽命。靶式流量開(kāi)關(guān)接頭為圓錐管螺紋,對(duì)于大口徑管道低流速和管道內(nèi)流體不充盈的情況下可以合理選用靶片使用。
主要技術(shù)性能: 接 口:1/2”、3/4”、1”調(diào)節(jié)范圍:6-1800L/min耐 壓:1.6MPa介質(zhì)溫度:0℃~120℃環(huán)境溫度:5℃~50℃觸點(diǎn)容量:A.C.250V 3A(阻性)轉(zhuǎn)換觸點(diǎn)一付(有常開(kāi)和常閉)
JOLA產(chǎn)品型號(hào)列舉:
浮子 流量開(kāi)關(guān) HMW/3/32 N396242/238
Capacitive leakage detectors:CPE_LS4, CPE-SPS2, CPE-SPS3, CPE-SPS4,CPE-LS4,CPE-LS4/A,CPE-LS5,CPE-KNI,CPE-KNI/A,OWE-SPS2,OWE-SPS3,OWE-SPS4,OWE-LS4,OWE-LS4/A,OWE-LS5,OWE-KNI,OWE-KNI/A,COW-SPS2,COW-SPS3,COW-SPS4,COW-LS4,COW-LS4/A,COW-LS5,COW-KNI,COW-KNI/A
SSP 3/K/PVC,SSP 1/K/PVC SSP 3/K/RN SSP 1/K/RN SSP/S3/K/SIL
SSP/S1/K/SIL SSP/S3/K/PUR SSP/S1/K/PUR SSP/S3/K/CM SSP/S1/K/CM
PH 3/K/PVC SPH 1/K/PVC SPH 3/K/RN SPH 1/K/RN SPH/S3/K/SIL SPH/S1/K/SIL SPH/S3/K/PUR SPH/S1/K/PUR SPH/S3/K/CM SPH/S1/K/CM SPH/S3/K/PTFE SPH/S1/K/PTFE SSX 3/K/PVC SSX 1/K/PVC SSX 3/K/RN
SSX 1/K/RN SSX/S3/K/CM SSX/S1/K/CM SSX/S3/K/PTFE SSX/S1/K/PTFE
FS 1/K/PVC FS 3/K/RN FS 1/K/RN FS/S3/K/SIL FS/S1/K/SIL FS/S3/K/PUR
FS/S1/K/PUR FS/S3/K/CM FS/S1/K/CM
SPH, SSX, SSR, SS, FS, TS Mercury-free floating switches and immersion probes with potential-free micro-contact
SM SM float switches
SMR SMR magnetically operated float switches
MK MK float switches
TSR, RN, TSM TSR, RN and TSM immersion probes
TSR/Ex TSR EEx immersion probes
NTR Immersion probes with free connecting cable
HMW, HA, NVM, ENVM Magnetic switches; level indicators and level controllers with magnetic switches
TSK-MWU-SKG Continuous liquid level indicators of the TSK-MWU-SKG range
PKG 4-20 Liquid Level Transmitter for continuous level
measurement
SDS/PP SDS/PP pressure head switch
ATNP Level controllers on the air bubble injection principle
EH, LWZ, S, NR, ES Electrode controls
EL/Ex, NR/Ex Electrode controls for use in potentially explosive atmospheres
PST Pump control systems
KR, ESA Protection relays and alarm relays
KR/Ex Intrinsically safe protection relays
RK3/K/external-mounting limit switches
MBK/magnetic switches in protection class“intrinsically safety”
EEx ia IIC T6, T4 or T3
PMC41-RE15H2H11T1PMD235-XH4A2EA1A[G0T] 0-14MPAPMC531-D25G2P3-----[GT]PMP41-RE23P2J11G1SON65.XXAFPVDMXXVEGA SWING61.CAICVXMNXFPMC45-RE11F1A1AG1 PMC45-RE11F2B1AG1 PMC531-D50A2P6G1GT 0-1MPPMC534-11FA2P6F10T 0-100KPPMP131A2101A1GA9PMC41-RE15H2H11T1 PMD235-KH4A2EA1A[G0] PMD235-KB4F2EB1A G0L3T2PMC41-RE11M2J21T1 PMC41-RE11P2J21T1 PMC531-D50A2P6F1ZT P41-P200A38 0-0.6MPAPMC531-D50A2P6F1ZT 量程0-60KPPMD235-KB4A2EB1C[G0]PMC41-RE11F2J11R1PMP41-RC13P2A11T1PMP41-RC13Z2A11T1PMC41-RE11S2R11M1 PMP48-RE13M2H2EKH1(0-400KPa)PMC731-R41C2H1T1TPMC535-13BA2P6G1GWIDEPLUS HP6500PMC534-11EA2P6G2FT(0--0.6MPa絕壓)PMC45-RE15H2H1AL1
PMC133-1R1F2F6[T]PMD235-XB4D2EB1C[T2] DB101-G1TE205ZF I=8 D=1 H=8PMC535-13BA2P6-----(0-1MPA)PMD235-KB4H2EB1CPMD235-KB4H2EB1CPMP41-IE27H2J191 PMP41-IC11C2J11A1PMC41-RE21S2J1191PMC41-RE21S2J11A1FMP250-E5E1XCJAA2K
YTK9230開(kāi)關(guān)狀態(tài)指示儀YTK9230 資料下載 三達(dá)YTK9230 開(kāi)關(guān)狀態(tài)模擬顯示儀 三達(dá)電子YTK9230 開(kāi)關(guān)狀態(tài)指示儀該裝置安裝方便,使用壽命長(zhǎng),并具有三防功能,能夠保障電氣設(shè)備的安全可靠運(yùn)行。
主要應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域有:工業(yè)配電自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng) 變電站自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)發(fā)電廠(chǎng)廠(chǎng)用電系統(tǒng) 高低壓開(kāi)關(guān)柜智能大廈電氣工程 能效管理系統(tǒng)
本產(chǎn)品適用于3-35KV戶(hù)內(nèi)開(kāi)關(guān)柜的適用于中置柜、手車(chē)柜、固定柜、環(huán)網(wǎng)網(wǎng)柜及六氟化硫氣體柜?蓮V泛用于各種配電柜,如端子箱、操作柜和箱式變電站等。
三達(dá)YTK9230 開(kāi)關(guān)狀態(tài)指示儀帶一次回路模擬圖、斷路器位置、開(kāi)關(guān)狀態(tài)、接地閘刀位置、彈簧儲(chǔ)能狀態(tài)、高壓帶電指示、高壓帶電閉鎖及溫、濕度控制及RS485通訊接口(選用)等多功能于一體,指示功能可分可合,采用面板安裝方式,用戶(hù)選用時(shí)只要提供一次方案圖即可。
產(chǎn)品負(fù)責(zé)人:余經(jīng)理(13874194348)聯(lián)系電話(huà): 圖文傳真:在線(xiàn)QQ:1564610977 2251986823地址:湖南省、株洲市、醴陵市(五里墩經(jīng)濟(jì)開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū))、醴陵工商總局對(duì)面
以下型號(hào)三達(dá)電子均可為您提供一流的服務(wù),一流的質(zhì)量,咨詢(xún)可直接來(lái)電400-669-1718.BW-8500,XTKB-971S,JY-KZ-900A,JY-KZ-900BYTK9210,YTK9220,YTK9230YTK9310,YTK9320,YTK9330
三達(dá)電子阿里巴巴誠(chéng)信通中心:sandayibiao.1688.com 阿里企業(yè)官網(wǎng):www.zzsanda.com.湖南省著名商標(biāo)企業(yè)——歡迎您在線(xiàn)采購(gòu)所需產(chǎn)品。
三達(dá)電子專(zhuān)業(yè)YTK9230 開(kāi)關(guān)狀態(tài)指示儀生產(chǎn)廠(chǎng)家!提供功能強(qiáng)大的湖南開(kāi)關(guān)狀態(tài)指示儀產(chǎn)品.專(zhuān)業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),制造各種最新最全的開(kāi)關(guān)狀態(tài)指示儀型號(hào), YTK9230開(kāi)關(guān)狀態(tài)指示儀供您選擇。了解更多信息進(jìn)入三達(dá)電子官網(wǎng) http://www.sandadz.com
中興ZXDU68 S601高頻開(kāi)關(guān)電源機(jī)柜
ZXDU68 H001系統(tǒng)采用一體化機(jī)柜,可內(nèi)置一組蓄電池,集交流配電,直流配電,整流,監(jiān)控和蓄電池于一體。該系統(tǒng)可壁掛安裝于狹窄的安裝地點(diǎn),為負(fù)載提供穩(wěn)定可靠的-48V直流供電,并節(jié)省安裝空間。
供應(yīng)ZXDU68 H001(90A)中興壁掛通信電源產(chǎn)品特性
ZXDU68 H001(90A) 是由中興通訊設(shè)計(jì)的壁掛式高頻開(kāi)關(guān)電源系統(tǒng),系統(tǒng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)配置60A,滿(mǎn)容量達(dá)90A,由3個(gè)ZXD1000(30A)整流器組成。
ZXDU68 H001系統(tǒng)采用一體化機(jī)柜,可內(nèi)置一組蓄電池,集交流配電,直流配電,整流,監(jiān)控和蓄電池于一體。該系統(tǒng)可壁掛安裝于狹窄的安裝地點(diǎn),為負(fù)載提供穩(wěn)定可靠的-48V直流供電,并節(jié)省安裝空間。
供應(yīng)ZXDU68 H001(90A)中興壁掛通信電源
應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域
隨著運(yùn)營(yíng)商基站數(shù)量增加,其網(wǎng)絡(luò)能耗迅速增長(zhǎng)。站點(diǎn)獲取也隨著環(huán)保理念的深入人心而日益困難,土地租賃成本隨之水漲船高。人力成本的日漸高漲,通信設(shè)備必須提高人機(jī)友好性以降低工程安裝及日常維護(hù)費(fèi)用。為滿(mǎn)足用戶(hù)全面降低TCO的要求,中興通訊開(kāi)發(fā)了ZXDU68 S301系列高效電源。
產(chǎn)品特性
用戶(hù)體驗(yàn)
ZTE EPC packet core network products can use virtualization (NFV / Network Functions Virtualization) technology, to achieve EPC system virtualization, but also support the traditional telecom network element form. Virtualized EPC products can run in a common cloud environment, free from dedicated hardware platforms, accelerate new business on-line speeds, build open ecosystems, improve business innovation, and reduce equipment procurement and O&M costs. ZTE EPC packet core network products include:-ZXUN uMAC:Supporting SGSN and MME functions-ZXUN xGW:Supporting SGW,PGW,GGSN and ePDG functions
一、概述通信電源在通信系統(tǒng)中具有相當(dāng)重要的地位和作用。通信電源的可靠性直接影響著通信系統(tǒng)的可靠性。對(duì)通信電源進(jìn)行正確而有效的測(cè)試,是保證通信電源開(kāi)發(fā)質(zhì)量、生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量及供貨質(zhì)量的有效方法。通信電源的測(cè)試方法及測(cè)試手段,是保證測(cè)試技術(shù)的先進(jìn)性及有效性的先決條件,是保證高可靠性通信電源的依據(jù)。中興ZXDU68 S601高頻開(kāi)關(guān)電源機(jī)柜 中興通訊電源產(chǎn)品運(yùn)用先進(jìn)的測(cè)試方法及測(cè)試設(shè)備并配以具有多年開(kāi)發(fā)測(cè)試經(jīng)驗(yàn)的電源專(zhuān)業(yè)測(cè)試工程師,對(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)及出廠(chǎng)的每一臺(tái)電源產(chǎn)品,包括一次通信電源系列,二次模塊電源系列及電力高頻開(kāi)關(guān)電源系列的每一個(gè)整流器電源模塊及電源系統(tǒng),從開(kāi)發(fā)初期至批量生產(chǎn)的每一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),都進(jìn)行了嚴(yán)格的測(cè)試,從而使出廠(chǎng)的每一臺(tái)電源設(shè)備都具有相當(dāng)高的可靠性。二、中興電源先進(jìn)的測(cè)試手段1.設(shè)計(jì)階段的測(cè)試中興通訊的每一種電源產(chǎn)品,從立項(xiàng)一開(kāi)始,都由經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的電源專(zhuān)業(yè)測(cè)試工程師對(duì)該電源按照相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求對(duì)其進(jìn)行跟蹤測(cè)試。測(cè)試工程師對(duì)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)方案中的每一個(gè)指標(biāo)參數(shù)的合理性進(jìn)行分析,并與行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行對(duì)比。在詳細(xì)電路設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),對(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)人員采用的每一個(gè)元器件的質(zhì)量、成熟性及可批量供貨性進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格的審核。對(duì)委托加工的磁性材料的絕緣等級(jí)、耐熱等級(jí)及生產(chǎn)工藝等進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格的認(rèn)證、檢驗(yàn)及審核,對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)件的強(qiáng)度、合理性及整機(jī)的可測(cè)試性、可維修性、安全性、穩(wěn)定性進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)。2. 電源參數(shù)的檢測(cè)通信電源參數(shù)的檢測(cè)是最基本的測(cè)試要求。為了提高測(cè)試的可重復(fù)性及加快開(kāi)發(fā)進(jìn)度,中興通訊自制了相關(guān)的電源參數(shù)微機(jī)檢測(cè)及調(diào)試設(shè)備,使出廠(chǎng)的每一臺(tái)電源設(shè)備的性能參數(shù)都具有嚴(yán)格的一致性及測(cè)試的可重復(fù)性,所有參數(shù)均符合或超過(guò)中興電源產(chǎn)品內(nèi)部技術(shù)文件的要求和信息產(chǎn)業(yè)部相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的要求。3. 電網(wǎng)諧波模擬為了檢測(cè)中興系列電源產(chǎn)品對(duì)中國(guó)地區(qū)特定電網(wǎng)的寬范圍適應(yīng)能力,中興電源測(cè)試工程師運(yùn)用美國(guó)CI公司的電網(wǎng)諧波發(fā)生器/分析儀(HGA Harmonic Generator/Anynasis)及AC POWER SOURCE,模擬從國(guó)內(nèi)不同地區(qū)采集的典型的電網(wǎng)波形及參數(shù),對(duì)每一種電源樣機(jī)進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)期的電網(wǎng)適應(yīng)能力測(cè)試,使之更適合中國(guó)廣大城鄉(xiāng)用戶(hù)使用的寬廣的電壓輸入范圍。運(yùn)用HGA及AC POWER SOURCE,編制出在開(kāi)關(guān)機(jī)時(shí)刻及電網(wǎng)波動(dòng)時(shí)所產(chǎn)生的各種可能時(shí)刻的強(qiáng)浪涌尖峰及突然跌落,并進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的重復(fù)試驗(yàn)及關(guān)鍵波形測(cè)試,使中興電源的有源功率因數(shù)校正(APFC)電路的可靠性及功率變換主電路的可靠性得到了極大的提高,從而保證了中興電源系列產(chǎn)品在網(wǎng)上穩(wěn)定可靠的運(yùn)行。4. 長(zhǎng)時(shí)短路及短時(shí)重復(fù)短路測(cè)試為了檢測(cè)中興電源在負(fù)載發(fā)生意外短路情況下的可靠性,每一臺(tái)新開(kāi)發(fā)的中興電源模塊及系統(tǒng)均進(jìn)行了在輸入電壓最高、正常及最低時(shí)的輸出端長(zhǎng)達(dá)8小時(shí)的短路測(cè)試及負(fù)載由空載至突然短路、短路次數(shù)達(dá)上百次的重復(fù)短路可靠性測(cè)試,并同時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)電源的輸出電壓回縮及短路電流大小,檢測(cè)功率器件的瞬態(tài)電壓電流應(yīng)力,使之滿(mǎn)足電應(yīng)力降額的要求,提高了電源短路至短路解除后恢復(fù)正常工作的能力。5. 高低溫長(zhǎng)時(shí)間烤機(jī)及整機(jī)的熱分布測(cè)試高溫是半導(dǎo)體器件,也同樣是通信電源最為嚴(yán)酷的外應(yīng)力。中興電源的開(kāi)關(guān)整流器樣機(jī)均在允許的輸入電壓及負(fù)載電流變化范圍內(nèi)經(jīng)過(guò)溫度為-10℃~50℃的綜合交變應(yīng)力測(cè)試及長(zhǎng)時(shí)間高溫烤機(jī)的MTBF測(cè)試,并對(duì)將出廠(chǎng)的每一臺(tái)電源系統(tǒng),均在額定輸入電壓及最大負(fù)載電流下進(jìn)行環(huán)境溫度為45℃、時(shí)間為24小時(shí)的高溫應(yīng)力考核。同時(shí),分別在常溫、高溫環(huán)境下并加上最高輸入電壓、最低輸入電壓及最高輸出電壓、最大負(fù)載電流,對(duì)整機(jī)特別是功率器件的溫度分布進(jìn)行了嚴(yán)格的測(cè)試,得出了整機(jī)的熱分布圖形,保證了整機(jī)溫度的合理分布。6. 防護(hù)測(cè)試技術(shù)為了保證中興電源具有適應(yīng)中國(guó)偏遠(yuǎn)落后地中興ZXDU68 S601高頻開(kāi)關(guān)電源機(jī)柜 區(qū)特別是由小水電供電地區(qū)的電網(wǎng)浪涌及強(qiáng)雷電的沖擊能力,電源測(cè)試工程師對(duì)中興電源在具有專(zhuān)業(yè)水平的防護(hù)設(shè)計(jì)工程師精心設(shè)計(jì)的防雷擊浪涌電路用SCHAFFNER NSG2050浪涌發(fā)生器進(jìn)行了持久反復(fù)的測(cè)試,使中興電源的第三級(jí)(D級(jí))防護(hù)電路在各種輸入電壓及負(fù)載條件下,在相線(xiàn)之間、相線(xiàn)與中線(xiàn)之間及相線(xiàn)、中線(xiàn)與保護(hù)地(PE)之間,均可承受幅值為6KV,開(kāi)路電壓波形為1.2/50μs,短路電流波形為8/20μs的沖擊電壓綜合波。組合電源系統(tǒng),相線(xiàn)與相線(xiàn)、相線(xiàn)與中線(xiàn)之間及相線(xiàn)、中線(xiàn)與保護(hù)地(PE)之間,在不同的輸入電壓及負(fù)載電流并帶是池情況下,能夠承受波形為8/20μs 15KA的電流沖擊。為了適應(yīng)國(guó)內(nèi)不同地區(qū)電網(wǎng)的TT制及TN-C制的需求,中興電源系列均進(jìn)行了機(jī)殼(PE)與中線(xiàn)(N線(xiàn))間承受250V/50Hz交流電壓1小時(shí)的測(cè)試,從而使中興電源在TT及TN-C制電網(wǎng)下能可靠的運(yùn)行。
7. 電磁兼容性測(cè)試技術(shù)具有四遙(遙控、遙測(cè)、遙信、遙調(diào))功能及高效率和寬廣輸入電壓范圍的中興電源系統(tǒng),為了保證二十一世紀(jì)信息技術(shù)中綠色電源的應(yīng)用成為現(xiàn)實(shí),按CISPR 22及CISPR 24標(biāo)準(zhǔn),進(jìn)行了嚴(yán)格的電磁兼容性測(cè)試。靜電放電(ESD)的測(cè)試設(shè)備為SCHAFFNER NSG435靜電放電發(fā)生器,波形1.2/50ns、接觸放電輻值8KV、間接放電值15KV;電壓跌落的測(cè)試設(shè)備為AC POWER SOURCE,額定負(fù)載條件下從最高電壓跌落至0V再突然升高至最高電壓;輻射電磁場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度的測(cè)試頻率范圍為80MHz~1000MHz,輻射電磁場(chǎng)的輻值為3V/m;電快速瞬變脈沖群(EFT)的測(cè)試設(shè)備為SCHAFFNERNSG2025,波形為5/50ns,脈沖重復(fù)頻率2.5KHz,輻值為4KV、脈沖重復(fù)頻率5KHz,輻值為2KV,測(cè)試時(shí)群脈沖信號(hào)的持續(xù)時(shí)間為15ms,周期為300ms。在上述抗擾性測(cè)試中,電源均能正常工作、通信不中斷、液晶顯示無(wú)亂碼等。同時(shí)進(jìn)行了電源線(xiàn)傳導(dǎo)發(fā)射試驗(yàn),頻率范圍為150KHz~30MHz及電磁場(chǎng)輻射發(fā)射試驗(yàn),頻率范圍為30~1000MHz,測(cè)試設(shè)備為HPE701A,可滿(mǎn)足A級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的要求。并按YD/T-983-1998《通信電源系統(tǒng)電磁兼容性限值要求及測(cè)試方法》對(duì)輸入電源線(xiàn)進(jìn)行了電壓起伏及閃爍測(cè)試,測(cè)試設(shè)備為PA6630電源分析儀及交流靜化穩(wěn)壓電源。高性能的電磁兼容性指標(biāo),使中興通信電源系統(tǒng)保證了通信系統(tǒng)的高可靠性,該電源系統(tǒng)特別適合于GSM基站等對(duì)電磁環(huán)境有嚴(yán)格要求的場(chǎng)合。8. 電路設(shè)計(jì)、安規(guī)及一致性測(cè)試為了保證每一臺(tái)電源都具有高度的安全可靠性及一致性,對(duì)每一臺(tái)電源使用中可能產(chǎn)生的對(duì)操作人員、維護(hù)人員及機(jī)房設(shè)備的不安全因素均按照UL1950及GB的要求進(jìn)行了安全測(cè)試。如對(duì)輸入電解電容器、X電容器、Y電容器和PCB板進(jìn)行阻燃性測(cè)試,對(duì)變壓器等磁性元器件、功率器件與散熱器間、導(dǎo)線(xiàn)與散熱器間、高壓PCB走線(xiàn)之間及其與低壓PCB走線(xiàn)和金屬機(jī)殼間進(jìn)行500~2500V/50Hz的耐電壓測(cè)試及爬電距離測(cè)試,并對(duì)交流輸入線(xiàn)與金屬機(jī)殼保護(hù)地間漏電流進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格的測(cè)試及控制,保證在相對(duì)濕度達(dá)到 90%時(shí),交流輸入與直流輸出之間及交流輸入與安全地間都有足夠的絕緣電阻和絕緣強(qiáng)度。按小概率事件對(duì)可能出現(xiàn)的極端事件,模擬并測(cè)試了重大質(zhì)量事件可能出現(xiàn)的故障模式,及早消除了可能出現(xiàn)的事故隱患。9. 集中監(jiān)控測(cè)試中興ZXDU68 S601高頻開(kāi)關(guān)電源機(jī)柜 中興電源集中監(jiān)控部分的測(cè)試,主要是針對(duì)硬件和軟件兩部分進(jìn)行的。針對(duì)監(jiān)控部分的特點(diǎn),對(duì)硬件電路進(jìn)行了FMEA分析、降額、高溫存儲(chǔ)(70℃)和低溫存儲(chǔ)(-40℃)各12小時(shí)、高溫工作(40℃)和低溫工作(-10℃)各24小時(shí)及溫度變化速率不低于5℃/min的高低溫循環(huán)試驗(yàn)(24小時(shí))等環(huán)境項(xiàng)目的測(cè)試,為了保證系統(tǒng)在各種電磁環(huán)境下都能正常工作,按YD/T 983-1998《通信電源設(shè)備電磁兼容性限值和測(cè)試方法》的要求,進(jìn)行了諸如靜電放電(ESD)、電快速瞬變脈沖群(EFT)、電磁場(chǎng)輻射抗擾性及因輻射電磁場(chǎng)引起的傳導(dǎo)干擾抗擾性等8個(gè) EMC測(cè)試,用來(lái)提高監(jiān)控電路軟硬件的可靠性。在測(cè)試中,用帶寬為1GHz的四通道數(shù)字存儲(chǔ)示波器TDS784D的DPO功能,對(duì)時(shí)鐘等重要器件的波形進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的觀(guān)察,以觀(guān)察到系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)的任意時(shí)刻的誤碼,保證系統(tǒng)工作的可靠性。針對(duì)軟件測(cè)試沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的特點(diǎn),對(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)成功的軟件進(jìn)行代碼走查、單模塊功能及完整性分析測(cè)試、軟件容錯(cuò)性能及代碼運(yùn)行覆蓋率測(cè)試、軟件參數(shù)邊界及極限測(cè)試。運(yùn)用先進(jìn)的LABVIEW軟件及Visual C軟件進(jìn)行二次測(cè)試軟件的再開(kāi)發(fā),并配以自制的AI卡和AO卡、信號(hào)隔離轉(zhuǎn)換板及監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的接口,來(lái)模擬中興電源產(chǎn)品的實(shí)際運(yùn)行環(huán)境及比實(shí)際運(yùn)行環(huán)境更嚴(yán)酷的軟件環(huán)境(極限參數(shù)、異常參數(shù)、邊緣問(wèn)題),增加了前后臺(tái)軟件測(cè)試的力度和強(qiáng)度,有效減小測(cè)試工作對(duì)實(shí)際設(shè)備和環(huán)境的依賴(lài)性,提高了測(cè)試效率及系統(tǒng)軟件測(cè)試的全面性,而且使中興電源前后臺(tái)監(jiān)控軟件的測(cè)試方法更加具有先進(jìn)的科學(xué)性,保證了監(jiān)控軟硬件系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行的可靠性。
First, an overview
Communication power has a very important position and function in the communication system. The reliability of communication power is directly affected by the reliability of the communication power. The correct and effective test of the communication power supply is an effective method to ensure the quality of the development of the communication power, the quality of production and the quality of supply. The testing method and testing means of communication power supply are prerequisites for guaranteeing the advancement and effectiveness of testing technology, and the basis for guaranteeing the communication power of high reliability.
ZTE power products using advanced testing methods and testing equipment and professional with power supply has many years of development experience in testing and test engineer, on the development of each power supply products, including a series of communication power supply, the two power module and power series of high frequency switching power supply series of each rectifier power supply module and power supply the system, from every aspect of the early development to mass production, have carried out strict testing, so that each power supply equipment factory has quite high reliability.
Two, the advanced test means of ZTE power supply
1. testing in the design phase
Every power source of ZTE has been tested by the experienced power professional test engineer at the beginning of the project according to the relevant standard requirements. The test engineer analyses the rationality of each index parameter in the system design scheme and compares it with the industry standard. In detailed circuit design, the quality, maturity and availability of each component used by the developer are strictly audited. The insulation class, heat resistance grade and production process of the magnetic materials processed by the Commission shall be strictly authenticated, inspected and audited. The strength and rationality of the structural parts, and the testability, maintainability, safety and stability of the whole machine shall be tested.
Detection of 2. power parameters
The detection of the parameters of the communication power supply is the most basic test requirement. In order to improve the testing repeatability and speed up the development progress, ZTE made power parameters detection and microcomputer debugging equipment, repeatable performance parameters of each power supply equipment factory has strict consistency and test, all the parameters are ZTE power products meet or exceed the requirements of internal the Ministry of information industry and the requirements of the relevant standards.
3. power grid harmonic simulation中興ZXDU68 S601高頻開(kāi)關(guān)電源機(jī)柜
In order to detect a wide range of power supply products ZTE series Chinese area specific grid adaptability, ZTE power test engineers use harmonic generator / power of American CI company (HGA Harmonic Generator/Anynasis) analyzer and AC POWER SOURCE, different from the domestic power grid simulation waveform and parameters of the typical area of collection, for each power supply for a long time the grid adaptation test, make it more suitable for a wide range of input voltage China urban and rural users. The use of HGA AC and POWER SOURCE, developed the strong surge peak produced in various switch time and power fluctuations when possible moment and suddenly drop, and repeated tests and key waveforms tested for a long time, the active power factor correction (APFC) of ZTE power supply reliability of main circuit reliability and power conversion circuit has been greatly improved, thus ensuring the ZTE power supply products online in stable and reliable operation.
4. long short circuit and short-time short circuit test
In order to detect the ZTE power load is in the reliability of accidental short circuit case, each new ZTE power module and system are output when the input voltage is highest, the lowest in normal and short circuit test end up to 8 hours and the load short-circuit reliability test by repeated hundreds of times, the number of empty load to sudden short-circuit short-circuit at the same time, and monitoring the output voltage of the power supply to the size shrinkage and short-circuit current, transient measurement of voltage and current stress of the power devices, so as to meet the electrical stress derating requirements, i中興ZXDU68 S601高頻開(kāi)關(guān)電源機(jī)柜 mprove the ability to resume normal work after the termination of the short circuit short circuit of power supply.
Heat distribution test of 5. high and low temperature and long time roast machine and the whole machine
High temperature is a semiconductor device, and it is also the most harsh external stress of the communication power. Comprehensive alternating power supply prototype switch rectifier ZTE in input voltage and load current allowed range after a temperature of - 10 DEG C to 50 DEG C stress test and long time high temperature baking machine MTBF test, and for each power supply system will be manufactured, both in the rated input voltage and maximum load temperature under the current environmental temperature is 45, 24 hours of stress assessment. At the same time, respectively, at room temperature and high temperature environment and the maximum input voltage, the minimum input voltage and maximum output voltage, maximum load current, especially on the temperature distribution of power device is tested, the thermal distribution of graphics, to ensure a reasonable distribution of the whole machine temperature.
6. protection test technology
In order to guarantee the power supply China ZTE has to adapt to the remote and backward areas especially by impact surge of small hydropower supply area and strong lightning, lightning protection of power supply test engineer ZTE power design meticulously in protective design engineers with professional level of surgeprotection circuit using SCHAFFNER NSG2050 surge generator was long repeated tests, the third level of ZTE power supply (D) protection circuit in a variety of input voltage and load conditions, in between, between liquidus phase and phase, and midline midline and protection (PE), can bear the amplitude of 6KV, the open circuit voltage waveform was 1.2/50 s, the short-circuit current waveform was 8/20 s shock
艾默生、華為、中興、動(dòng)力源等通信系統(tǒng)電源數(shù)量的配置的核算方法 艾默生、華為、中興、動(dòng)力源等通信系統(tǒng)電源的配置可根據(jù)下面的公中興ZXDU68 S601高頻開(kāi)關(guān)電源機(jī)柜 式來(lái)計(jì)算選擇: (1)計(jì)算所需開(kāi)關(guān)電源總輸出電流 I OUT 方法一: IOUT =Ifz +0.2C10 (A),式中 Ifz 為所需最大負(fù)載電流(A); C10為蓄電池額定容量(Ah)。0.2C10為考慮電池均充時(shí)時(shí)最大限流值。 方法二: IOUT = (Ifz +0.1C10 )/(0.7~0.8),式中0.7~0.8是考慮系統(tǒng)安全運(yùn)行的裕量系數(shù)。0.1C10 為考慮電池均充時(shí)時(shí)最大限流值。 (2)選擇整流器規(guī)格,計(jì)算所需整流模塊數(shù)量 N ,N ≥I OUT /I Z,,式中I Z為整流模塊的額定輸出電流(A);N取整數(shù)。 (3)按 N+1 原則配置整流模塊數(shù)量,當(dāng)求得的N≤10時(shí),配置整流模塊數(shù)為N+1 ;當(dāng)求得的N>10時(shí),每10個(gè)模塊加配1個(gè)。 以方法為例(方法二同樣代入公式即可): 已知某基站直流負(fù)載電流Ifz為110A,配置的每個(gè)開(kāi)關(guān)電源整流模塊輸出額定電流、I Z為50A,電池容量為300A,計(jì)算這個(gè)基站的開(kāi)關(guān)電源需配置多個(gè)個(gè)整流模塊?正常需開(kāi)啟多少個(gè)整流模塊? IOUT =Ifz +0.2C10 =110+0.2* 300 =170A N =I OUT /I Z =170/50 =3.4 N為小數(shù)時(shí),應(yīng)取整加1,即N=4 應(yīng)開(kāi)啟的模塊個(gè)數(shù):5個(gè)(如果只開(kāi)啟4個(gè),一個(gè)模塊壞,恰好停電后再來(lái)電時(shí),電池充不滿(mǎn),會(huì)虧損) 冷備用模塊數(shù): 1個(gè) 應(yīng)配置模塊數(shù):N+1=54+1=6個(gè) (N>10時(shí),每10個(gè)模塊加配1個(gè)) 特別強(qiáng)調(diào):不要將所有的備用模塊都開(kāi)啟,以免浪費(fèi)電能,縮短模塊壽命。 以上就是艾默生、華為、中興、動(dòng)力源等通信系統(tǒng)整流模塊數(shù)量的核算方法。 |
Accounting methods for the distribution of power supply in communication systems such as Emerson, HUAWEI, ZTE and power sources
The configuration of the power supply for communication systems such as Emerson, HUAWEI, ZTE and power sources can be calculated according to the following formula:
(1) the total output current I OUT of the switching power supply is calculated.
Method one: IOUT =Ifz +0.2C10 (A), Ifz is the required maximum load current (A); C10 is the rated capacity of the battery (Ah). 0.2C10 is always the biggest limiting value of battery charge account.
Method two: IOUT = (Ifz +0.1C10) / (0.7~0.8), in which the 0.7~0.8 is the margin factor that takes into account the security of the system. 0.1C10
As always the maximum current limit of battery charge account.
(2) choose the specifications required for the calculation of rectifier, rectifier module number N, N = I OUT /I Z, I Z, in the rated output current of rectifier module (A); N integer.
(3) according to the number of N+1 configuration principle of rectifier module, when the N is less than or equal to 10, the number for the N+1 configuration of the rectifier module; when the N>10, each of the 10 modules with 1.
Take the method as an example (method two can be replaced by the same formula):
It is known that the DC load current of a base station is Ifz 110A, and the output current of each switching power rectifier module is 50A, and the battery capacity is 300A. The number of rectifier modules of the base station's switching power supply needs to be configured with more than one rectifier module. The output current of the rectifier module is Ifz. The output current of the rectifier module is I. How many rectifying modules do you normally need to open?
IOUT =Ifz +0.2C10
=110+0.2* 300
=170A
N =I OUT /I Z
=170/50
=3.4
N should be added to 1 decimal, rounding, N=4
The number of modules should be opened: 5 (if only 4, one module is bad, when the power is out of power, the battery is dissatisfied and will lose).
Number of cold standby modules: 1
The number of modules should be configured: N+1=54+1=6 (N>10, adding 1 for every 10 modules)
Special emphasis: do not open all the spare modules, so as to avoid wasting electricity and shorten the module life.
中興ZXDU68 S601高頻開(kāi)關(guān)電源機(jī)柜
The above is the calculation method of the number of the communication system rectifying modules of Emerson, HUAWEI, ZTE, power source and other communication systems.
Recently, ZTE in the United States at the thirty-eighth International Telecommunications Energy Conference (International INTELEC Telecommunications Energy Conference) released the first of a new generation of hybrid energy supply the latest research and development of PowerMaster ONE solutions, help telecom operators to further improve network efficiency, reduce the total cost of ownership (TCO) investment.
ZTE, a new generation of PowerMaster ONE scheme, the integrated design, highly integrated structure, compared with the existing power supply scheme, save the area of more than 50%, reducing the installation time of 80%; to support a variety of energy input and unified management, which can smooth the superposition of solar and wind energy; the mechanical combination + electronic anti-theft design, effective protection of energy assets safety; support multiple transmission access site energy management system iEnergy, fine management, preventive maintenance and network energy efficient operation.
ZTE launches PowerMaster ONE solutions
During the exhibition, ZTE energy solutions expert Huang Yuanhua published "Green & Magic Energy Box, ZTE New Generation Hybrid Solution-PowerMaster ONE keynote speech, the development trend of power supply based on hybrid communication energy, focusing on PowerMaster ONE scheme in solving the problem of the lack of electricity supply site area, through innovative design concepts and technologies to help clients achieve the maximum value of interest, especially in the background of telecom operators gradually sell assets to PASSIVE infrastructure operators, PowerMaster ONE scheme can meet the site from a single user power supply to the power supply smooth expansion and upgrading, effectively avoid the unique advantage of customers' investment losses.
ZTE energy solutions expert Li Weibo published on the theme of "An Innovative Energy Management the System for Telecom Energy Network", showing the energy management scheme for iEnergy networks based on cloud technology, presents ZTE energy products in the field of network energy management innovation achievements. The traditional energy management focuses on monitoring the running state of equipment, energy management scheme of iEnergy network is focused on core business through the network energy, energy management and data analysis, to help customers master the network running state of health, to achieve energy efficiency to the energy efficiency of the whole network site optimization promotion, through comprehensive preventive maintenance to improve network reliability and efficiency of operation and maintenance.
As a leader in technology and market of communication energy industry, ZTE is continuously innovating in the energy field, and is committed to continuously introducing products and programs that satisfy customers. There are many market application cases in the world.
目前,通信電源大多采用高頻開(kāi)關(guān)電源代替相控電源,用閥控式密封鉛酸蓄電池代替防酸式鉛酸蓄電池,用計(jì)算機(jī)監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的人工控制技術(shù),完成通信電源的更新?lián)Q代工作。近年來(lái),隨著技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,特別是功率器件的更新?lián)Q代,新型電磁材料的不斷使用,功率變換技術(shù)的不斷改進(jìn),控制方法的不斷進(jìn)步,以及相關(guān)學(xué)科的技術(shù)不斷融合,通信電源在系統(tǒng)的可靠性、穩(wěn)定性,電磁兼容性,消除網(wǎng)側(cè)電流諧波、提高電能利用率、降低損耗、提高系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)態(tài)性能等等方面都取得長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)步。此外,由于計(jì)算機(jī)監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)在通信電源中的廣泛應(yīng)用,也使得電源的智能化程度不斷提高,系統(tǒng)維護(hù)管理能力不斷得到加強(qiáng);而完善的接地系統(tǒng)和防雷措施進(jìn)一步提高了電源的平均無(wú)故障時(shí)間MTBF。目前,通信電源正向高頻化、高功率密度、高功率因數(shù)、高效率、高可靠性、高智能化方向發(fā)展。我國(guó)通信電源走過(guò)一條引進(jìn)技術(shù)、合資生產(chǎn)、自主研制開(kāi)發(fā)的道路。由于通信電源市場(chǎng)前景好,產(chǎn)品的附加值高,所以,國(guó)內(nèi)不少的科研院所、廠(chǎng)家投入大量的人力和物力,研制開(kāi)發(fā)性能良好的通信電源。目前,具有自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的國(guó)內(nèi)通信電源廠(chǎng)家主要有:武漢的洲際通信電源集團(tuán)有限責(zé)任公司,深圳的華為公司、中興公司,北京的動(dòng)力源公司,珠海金電電源公司,杭州僑興公司等等。國(guó)內(nèi)主要的合資廠(chǎng)家有:上海的新電元公司,上海的西門(mén)子通信電源公司,上海的中達(dá)—斯米泰克公司,廣州的珠江電信設(shè)備制造有限公司等等。市場(chǎng)上見(jiàn)到的主要國(guó)外通信電源的廠(chǎng)家有:美國(guó)的力博特(Liebert)公司和瑞達(dá)(Reltech)公司,挪威的易達(dá)(Eltek)集團(tuán)公司,新西蘭的施威特克(Switchtech)公司等等。進(jìn)入9O年代后,隨著技術(shù)的創(chuàng)新與進(jìn)步,目前國(guó)外通信電源廠(chǎng)家的產(chǎn)品一般都具有以下技術(shù)特點(diǎn):(1)采用電流控制模式代替電壓控制的模式。(2)采用相移控制的模式軟開(kāi)關(guān)技術(shù),即全橋零電壓開(kāi)關(guān)。(3)采用功率因數(shù)中興ZXDU68 S601高頻開(kāi)關(guān)電源機(jī)柜 校正技術(shù)。(4)具有模塊自動(dòng)均流功能。(5)具有完善的遙控、遙測(cè)、遙信、遙調(diào)四遙功能。(6)具有完善的蓄電池監(jiān)測(cè)、充電限流功能等管理技術(shù)。(7)界面友好的監(jiān)控軟件。(8)良好的電磁兼容性和防雷措施。(9)完備的保護(hù)和告警功能。
從整體性能來(lái)看,我國(guó)通信電源水平與國(guó)外同類(lèi)產(chǎn)品相比,存在一定的差距。主要差距在工作的可靠性、穩(wěn)定性和技術(shù)性能等方面。因此,組織力量研制開(kāi)發(fā)具有自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán),技術(shù)含量高的新一代通信電源,對(duì)振興民族工業(yè)、提高產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,提高開(kāi)發(fā)隊(duì)伍的研究水平具有重要的意義,也會(huì)帶來(lái)顯著的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和良好的社會(huì)效益。二、通信電源的器件、電路拓?fù)渑c控制技術(shù)對(duì)通信電源來(lái)說(shuō),其核心部分是開(kāi)關(guān)變換器,而開(kāi)關(guān)變換器的技術(shù)進(jìn)步主要體現(xiàn)在器件、電路拓?fù)浜涂刂萍夹g(shù)方面有所突破,因此,應(yīng)用這些相關(guān)技術(shù)的最新成果到通信電源中,是提高通信電源的技術(shù)性能、質(zhì)量和可靠性的重要措施之一?梢詮囊韵碌囊恍┓矫孢M(jìn)行初步的探討:1、從電路的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)和器件方面來(lái)說(shuō),目前通信電源的變換電路拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)主要采用雙單端電路,半橋電路和全橋電路,各有化缺點(diǎn)。一般認(rèn)為,在中、小功率場(chǎng)合,采用雙單端電路或半橋電路是適宜的;在大功率場(chǎng)合則來(lái)用全橋變換電路。雖然也出現(xiàn)一些新的變換電路電路拓?fù),如低輸入、輸出紋波的CuK變換器,傳輸比高的Buck-Flyback變換器等等,但由于軟開(kāi)關(guān)技術(shù)等一系列新技術(shù)的興起,電路拓?fù)涓脑旖禍,在目前的情況下,電路的拓?fù)渥兓淮蟆*钠骷慕嵌葋?lái)說(shuō),功率電子器件從半控器件(晶閘管),發(fā)展到了各種各樣的自關(guān)斷器件,并且已經(jīng)有所謂的功率集成電路(PIC)的出現(xiàn),其驅(qū)動(dòng)模式也從電流型驅(qū)動(dòng)模式發(fā)展為電壓型驅(qū)動(dòng)模式。在目前的通信電源中,由于應(yīng)用場(chǎng)合的不同,場(chǎng)效應(yīng)管(MOSFET)和絕緣柵控晶體管(IGBT)是使用得較多的兩種器件。一般來(lái)說(shuō),場(chǎng)效應(yīng)管驅(qū)動(dòng)容易,開(kāi)關(guān)頻率高,具有正的溫度系數(shù),易于并聯(lián);其不足之處是受到其結(jié)構(gòu)限制,耐壓不高,且體電阻過(guò)大(雖然并聯(lián)可以降低其電阻)。通常認(rèn)為,在中、小功率范圍內(nèi),采用場(chǎng)效應(yīng)管是適宜的,其開(kāi)關(guān)頻率很高,可以降低整個(gè)電源的體積、重量和成本,驅(qū)動(dòng)可以采用簡(jiǎn)單的脈沖變壓器,可以通過(guò)管子并聯(lián)的方法來(lái)解決其容量不足的問(wèn)題,其耐壓值較低也適合單相交流輸入的情況。IGBT輸出容量大,耐壓高,體電阻小,是大功率開(kāi)關(guān)電源的首選器件,但其開(kāi)關(guān)頻率低,驅(qū)動(dòng)雖然也是電壓型,要比場(chǎng)效應(yīng)管復(fù)雜一些,其溫度系數(shù)是負(fù)值,不易并聯(lián),并且在關(guān)斷時(shí)存在著電流拖尾現(xiàn)象。所以IGBT與場(chǎng)效應(yīng)管,兩者各有所長(zhǎng),有不同的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)合,隨著技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,兩者器件方面的欠缺,可以通過(guò)電路中采用適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧﹣?lái)解決。另一個(gè)值得注意的問(wèn)題是,由于目前電源開(kāi)關(guān)頻率很高,要求設(shè)計(jì)人員對(duì)高頻功率變換電路必須有足夠的認(rèn)識(shí),對(duì)器件的高頻特性有足夠和清楚的了解,穩(wěn)態(tài)分析和動(dòng)態(tài)分析并重。尤其是分析它們的失效機(jī)制或損壞機(jī)理,以采取合理的保護(hù)措施來(lái)說(shuō),還必須深入了解這些功率器件的不同開(kāi)關(guān)機(jī)理和工作特點(diǎn)。此外,在高頻時(shí),系統(tǒng)、線(xiàn)路和負(fù)載的各種等效阻抗和低頻時(shí)差別很大,并且在較高的開(kāi)關(guān)頻率下,系統(tǒng)能量分布很容易改變,或者局部產(chǎn)生振蕩,或者在某個(gè)幅值段或某個(gè)頻率段產(chǎn)生振蕩。所有這些,在低頻時(shí)是不必考慮的。因此,設(shè)計(jì)人員對(duì)電力電子器件本身特性的了解就成為電路設(shè)計(jì)成功與否的一個(gè)重要原因之一。對(duì)器件了解得不深或理解錯(cuò)誤而導(dǎo)致電路失敗的事是屢見(jiàn)不鮮的,加深對(duì)器件的認(rèn)識(shí)是設(shè)計(jì)成功的一個(gè)首要條件。不過(guò),目前一些新技術(shù)的出現(xiàn),如軟開(kāi)關(guān)技術(shù)換流等,降低了變換電路對(duì)分布參數(shù)的敏感性,拓寬了器件的安全工作區(qū),也在一定的程度上降低了對(duì)器件的要求。 2、從電磁元器件的角度來(lái)說(shuō),通信電源中大量使用磁性器件,比如各種各樣變壓器、電抗器、 電流互感器、濾波或諧振電感等,它們對(duì)電路性能有重要的影響?傮w而言,對(duì)磁性材料要求是具有寬的溫度范圍,高頻損耗小,矯頑力低,導(dǎo)磁率高;而變壓器繞制則通風(fēng)散熱好,且繞組要用多股細(xì)線(xiàn)并繞,或者用銅皮繞制,以減少高頻時(shí)集膚效應(yīng)。由于功率器件性能的改善,以及軟開(kāi)關(guān)技術(shù)等的采用,使得電源開(kāi)關(guān)損耗大為下降。因此降低高頻變壓器和其他磁性器件的損耗已成為提高開(kāi)關(guān)電源效率的一個(gè)主要因素,增大輸出變壓器功率的關(guān)鍵是磁性材料的選擇與結(jié)構(gòu)的確定。欲使變壓器結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、損耗小,應(yīng)選擇飽和磁感應(yīng)強(qiáng)度、電阻率及脈沖磁導(dǎo)率較大,且?guī)Р暮穸刃〉拇判圆牧。同時(shí),采用絕緣強(qiáng)度高的材料作為線(xiàn)圈間的絕緣,以進(jìn)一步提高能量傳輸效率。 目前,高頻開(kāi)關(guān)電源中,一般采用鐵氧體磁性材料作為變壓器的磁心。鐵氧體的電阻率高,高頻損耗小。但它的飽和磁感應(yīng)強(qiáng)度太低,所以磁心面積需要較大,影響耦合系數(shù)的提高,且鐵氧體是壓鑄而成的,具有易脆性,制造大規(guī)格磁心有一定的困難。非晶態(tài)合金是近年發(fā)展起來(lái)的新材料,位錯(cuò)的遷移性很低;沒(méi)有晶界,無(wú)各向異性;無(wú)阻止磁疇運(yùn)動(dòng)的障礙;易磁化,其磁感應(yīng)強(qiáng)度高;電阻率大,對(duì)渦流阻力大,矯頑力小,能耗低。但以U型供貨的磁心磁感應(yīng)強(qiáng)度大大降低,而以環(huán)形供貨的磁心則繞制線(xiàn)圈比較困難。此外,其尺寸不夠大,要滿(mǎn)足大容量的開(kāi)關(guān)電源需求,還有待進(jìn)一步解決。由于非晶態(tài)合金兼有電阻率高和飽和磁感應(yīng)強(qiáng)度大的優(yōu)點(diǎn),高頻損耗小,導(dǎo)磁不導(dǎo)電,因此,它是高頻開(kāi)關(guān)電源將來(lái)較為理想的磁性材料?赏M(jìn)一步減小電源的體積和重量,降低能耗,提高效率。近期國(guó)內(nèi)外在非晶態(tài)合金的基礎(chǔ)上,經(jīng)過(guò)處理,使其變成微晶合金軟磁材料,其性能比非晶態(tài)合金更高,更適合制作開(kāi)關(guān)電源變壓器和電抗器。國(guó)內(nèi)已有來(lái)用這些新型微晶材料研制開(kāi)關(guān)電源。但也應(yīng)當(dāng)指出,在高頻開(kāi)關(guān)電源中使用的磁性器件有許多新的特點(diǎn),例如頻率從工頻到幾百千赫,功中興ZXDU68 S601高頻開(kāi)關(guān)電源機(jī)柜 率從毫瓦到幾十千瓦甚至幾百千瓦,激磁電流可能是非正弦的,磁化不一定對(duì)稱(chēng)。在某些電路中需采取去磁措施等等。在高頻下運(yùn)行的磁性器件材料、結(jié)構(gòu)、模型、設(shè)計(jì)、工藝、損耗、發(fā)熱等多方面問(wèn)題,尚需繼續(xù)深入探索研究,以獲得較為滿(mǎn)意的解決。
3、開(kāi)關(guān)變換器的新控制技術(shù)與新方法,器件發(fā)展到一定程度后,要進(jìn)一步提高產(chǎn)品的性能,必須采用新的控制方法和新的技術(shù)。目前,新的控制方法和技術(shù)主要有軟開(kāi)關(guān)技術(shù)和功率因數(shù)校正技術(shù)。民主均流控制技術(shù),電流模式控制技術(shù),本脈沖(one-cycle)控制技術(shù)等等。軟開(kāi)關(guān)技術(shù)是指功率器件在零電壓或零電流條件下進(jìn)行換流。因此,軟開(kāi)關(guān)技術(shù)可以降低功率器件的開(kāi)關(guān)損耗,提高系統(tǒng)的開(kāi)關(guān)頻率,降低變換器的體積和重量,使得系統(tǒng)的輸出紋波減少,并且可以克服變換電路對(duì)寄生分布參數(shù)的敏感性,降低系統(tǒng)的開(kāi)關(guān)嗓音,展寬系統(tǒng)的頻帶,改善系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)態(tài)性能。而功率國(guó)數(shù)校正技術(shù)通過(guò)有源校正的方法,使得網(wǎng)側(cè)電流波形跟蹤電壓波形,這樣,把掛在電網(wǎng)的開(kāi)關(guān)電源變成一個(gè)接近純電阻的負(fù)載,不但可以抑制網(wǎng)側(cè)諧波電流,改善網(wǎng)側(cè)功率因數(shù),降低電源的高次諧波產(chǎn)生的噪音和污染,提高電網(wǎng)的質(zhì)量,減少無(wú)功功率的流動(dòng)和達(dá)到節(jié)能的效果,也使得電源的電磁兼容性能力得到了加強(qiáng)。民主均流控制技術(shù),既能實(shí)現(xiàn)電源模塊的自動(dòng)均流,又可以實(shí)現(xiàn)電源模塊的冗余,電源模塊的退出與增加均不影響系統(tǒng)的正常工作,均流母線(xiàn)的開(kāi)路,短路以及模塊的損壞都不會(huì)影響系統(tǒng)其他模塊的正常工作,是目前最優(yōu)秀的均流方法。電流模式控制技術(shù)則在以往電壓反饋控制的基礎(chǔ)上,增加電流反饋控制,在對(duì)電壓控制的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)電流也進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)的控制,使得能夠逐個(gè)脈沖對(duì)電流進(jìn)行控制,一方面能加快系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)態(tài)反應(yīng)能力;另一方面,也使得變壓器的偏磁情況、負(fù)載的均流、電源模塊的過(guò)載或短路保護(hù)等得到明顯的改善。而本脈沖控制技術(shù)是一種大信號(hào)的非線(xiàn)性控制方法,在每一個(gè)周期向取開(kāi)關(guān)變量,經(jīng)過(guò)積分器的積分與給定電壓比較,其誤差經(jīng)過(guò)放大后動(dòng)態(tài)地調(diào)節(jié)變換器占空比的大小,由于每個(gè)周期內(nèi)的占空比值只與該周期的開(kāi)關(guān)變量有關(guān),且開(kāi)關(guān)變量(電壓或電流)的平均值在一個(gè)周期內(nèi)到達(dá)新的穩(wěn)態(tài),使得開(kāi)關(guān)變量(被控制量)的平均值和控制量無(wú)論是穩(wěn)態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)都沒(méi)有誤差,具有良好的抗干擾能力和快速的動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)能力。該技術(shù)既可用于PWM控制,又可用于PFM控制;既可用于硬開(kāi)關(guān)控制,又可用于軟開(kāi)關(guān)控制;既可用于電壓模式控制,又可用于電流模式控制;既可用于電流連續(xù)的工作模式控制,又可用于電流不連續(xù)的工作模式控制;是開(kāi)關(guān)變換器控制方式發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要方向。將這些先進(jìn)技術(shù)應(yīng)用到通信電源中,將會(huì)使得通信電源性能水平上一個(gè)新的臺(tái)階。在軟開(kāi)關(guān)變換電路中,有變頻控制的(PPM),也有恒頻控制的(PWM).由于恒頻控制方式要優(yōu)于變頻控制方式,恒頻軟開(kāi)關(guān)技術(shù)已成為軟開(kāi)關(guān)技術(shù)的主流。其中,相移控制的全橋變換電路,綜合PWM技術(shù)和軟開(kāi)關(guān)技術(shù)的優(yōu)點(diǎn),在大范圍內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)PWM控制,實(shí)現(xiàn)輸出電壓或電流的大范圍無(wú)級(jí)調(diào)節(jié),而在功率器件換流瞬間,實(shí)現(xiàn)零電壓開(kāi)關(guān)換流,已成為最有前途的軟開(kāi)關(guān)變換電路拓?fù)。但目前?guó)外廠(chǎng)家相移控制軟開(kāi)關(guān)電路也有不足之處,主要是變換電路滯后橋臂零電壓開(kāi)關(guān)范圍窄,拓寬其軟開(kāi)關(guān)范圍是其進(jìn)一步廣泛應(yīng)用的前提,各國(guó)學(xué)者一直在努力,提出一系列改進(jìn)方法,主要集中在三個(gè)方面:一是采取措施,拓寬滯后橋臂的零電壓開(kāi)通范圍; 二是把滯后橋臂構(gòu)造成零電流關(guān)斷范圍大的軟開(kāi)關(guān);三是原邊的開(kāi)關(guān)管和副邊的整流二極管同時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)大范圍的軟開(kāi)關(guān)。目前,在這幾方面都取得了很大的進(jìn)展,為軟開(kāi)關(guān)技術(shù)在通信電源中的廣泛應(yīng)用打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。在功率固數(shù)校正電路方面,單相的PFC技術(shù)也已非常成熟,其電路通常采用升壓比(boost)電路,采用電壓、電流雙閉環(huán)控制的方法,主要采用平均電流控制的方法。其中電壓環(huán)用來(lái)穩(wěn)定輸出電壓,電流環(huán)使得電流跟蹤電網(wǎng)的正弦波形。由于電流環(huán)的給定是電壓環(huán)輸出與電網(wǎng)整流后的正弦半波(100Hz)的乘積,因此電壓環(huán)的帶寬不能超過(guò)10OHz,否則電流波形跟蹤不好,一般設(shè)計(jì)頻帶是30Hz以下,同時(shí),為了保證整個(gè)控制回路的增益與電網(wǎng)的幅值無(wú)關(guān),需要進(jìn)行必要的前債補(bǔ)償,F(xiàn)在市場(chǎng)已有成熟的控制芯片,既有來(lái)用硬開(kāi)關(guān)控制的,也有來(lái)用軟開(kāi)關(guān)控制的。而三相功率因數(shù)校正技術(shù)上比較復(fù)雜,雖然國(guó)內(nèi)外相應(yīng)的研究成果也很多,但要應(yīng)用在大功率開(kāi)中興ZXDU68 S601高頻開(kāi)關(guān)電源機(jī)柜 關(guān)電源方面,尚需作進(jìn)一步的研究和探討。
在控制模式方面,既有采用電壓模式控制的,也有來(lái)用電流模式控制的。電壓模式是單環(huán)控制,電流模式控制是雙環(huán)控制,這兩種控制模式各有化缺點(diǎn),不存在誰(shuí)取代誰(shuí)的問(wèn)題,要根據(jù)電源的具體實(shí)際要求來(lái)決定采取合適的控制方式。不過(guò),電流模式控制技術(shù),可以較好地解決大功率電源的并聯(lián)問(wèn)題。在新技術(shù)方面,近來(lái)開(kāi)關(guān)變換器發(fā)展起來(lái)的本脈沖控制是最值得注意的方向之一。不過(guò),目前尚未見(jiàn)到有本脈沖控制技術(shù)的通信電源產(chǎn)品出現(xiàn)。 與此同時(shí),世界上許多著名的電子公司為了適應(yīng)功率電子學(xué)發(fā)展的浪潮,不斷推出適應(yīng)各種新型控制技術(shù)的芯片,美國(guó)的UNITRODE公司是其中一個(gè)杰出代表,其所開(kāi)發(fā)的芯片既有電壓模式控制的,又有電流摸式控制的,覆蓋了功率電子學(xué)所有的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域。其中,與開(kāi)關(guān)電源密切相關(guān)的芯片主要有相移控制系列芯片,單相硬開(kāi)關(guān)功率因數(shù)校正系列芯片,單相軟開(kāi)關(guān)功率因故校正系列芯片,開(kāi)關(guān)電源負(fù)載均流系列芯片等等。這些性能良好的軟開(kāi)關(guān)控制、功率固數(shù)校正芯片和其他相關(guān)芯片的研制成功,為軟開(kāi)關(guān)技術(shù)和功率因數(shù)校正技術(shù)以及其它新技術(shù)在通信電源的應(yīng)用奠定了基礎(chǔ)。 三、通信電源的電路模型和理論分析目前開(kāi)關(guān)變換器的分析方法主要有數(shù)字仿真方法和解析建模方法。數(shù)值數(shù)字仿真的方法(如SPICE等等)準(zhǔn)確度高,可以得到系統(tǒng)的響應(yīng)特性和波形,但沒(méi)有明確的物理意義;解析建模方法有明確的物理意義,對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)和分析具有指導(dǎo)意義,但需要作一定的假設(shè)。一般認(rèn)為,電力電子系統(tǒng)仿真主要有三個(gè)層次,即器件層次,電路層次和系統(tǒng)層次,在不同的設(shè)計(jì)階段,關(guān)心的側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同。器件層次的仿真主要用于研究器件的開(kāi)、關(guān)過(guò)程,這往往需要設(shè)計(jì)人員對(duì)器件有較深刻的認(rèn)識(shí),提出比較合理的器件模型參數(shù),以深入了解分布參數(shù)對(duì)器件開(kāi)、關(guān)過(guò)渡過(guò)程的影響,為設(shè)計(jì)和分析提供了一定的依據(jù)。電路層次的仿真主要是對(duì)其宏觀(guān)波形進(jìn)行分析,此時(shí),一般把器件當(dāng)作是理想開(kāi)關(guān),主要是對(duì)電路的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu),控制方法,電路特性等等進(jìn)行分析。系統(tǒng)層次的仿真主要是著眼于系統(tǒng)的控制方式、參數(shù)選擇(如PID參數(shù)選擇)等等,電路模型用一般的傳遞函數(shù)即可。仿真的結(jié)果在一定的程度上,為了解系統(tǒng)的工作情況提供幫助,有助于設(shè)計(jì)正確合理的系統(tǒng)。近年,隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)和仿真技術(shù)的發(fā)展,已有一系列界面友好的仿真平臺(tái)出現(xiàn),其中,典型的有Spice、ICAP4.0-Interactive Circuit Analysis rogram和WE4.0-Electronics Workbench 等等,它們都具備器件庫(kù)、各種信號(hào)發(fā)生器,以及示波器、BODE圖顯示器等等,是典型的電子實(shí)驗(yàn)臺(tái),為電力電子系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)提供有力的輔助工具。中興ZXDU68 S601開(kāi)關(guān)電源技術(shù)參數(shù)/報(bào)價(jià)目前不少的電源工作者對(duì)仿真軟件使用掌握不夠熟練,未能充分利用強(qiáng)大的CAD手段來(lái)進(jìn)行分析和設(shè)計(jì),導(dǎo)致在設(shè)計(jì)中走不必要的彎路,甚至有時(shí)候造成設(shè)計(jì)的失敗。此外,正版軟件價(jià)格昂貴也造成使用上一定困難的一個(gè)原因。在解析建模方面,目前流行的各種解析分析方法大多數(shù)是以R.D.Middlebrook等提出的狀態(tài)空間平均法(以占空比加權(quán)平均)為基礎(chǔ)的。狀態(tài)空間平均法是從變換器的不同拓?fù)涞臓顟B(tài)空間方程出發(fā),經(jīng)過(guò)平均——小信號(hào)擾動(dòng)——線(xiàn)性化處理,將一個(gè)非線(xiàn)性、時(shí)變、開(kāi)關(guān)電路轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐粋(gè)等效的線(xiàn)性、時(shí)不變、連續(xù)的電路,可以應(yīng)用經(jīng)典控制理論的分析線(xiàn)性系統(tǒng)的方法,如拉氏變換、根軌跡圖和Bode圖等等,在頻域內(nèi)分析設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)?山蟹治鱿到y(tǒng)在平衡點(diǎn)附近的小信號(hào)擾動(dòng)時(shí)近似的瞬態(tài)響應(yīng)特性以及系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性等等。? 狀態(tài)空間平均法簡(jiǎn)單通用,為開(kāi)關(guān)變換器提供了簡(jiǎn)便和系統(tǒng)的分析工具,是簡(jiǎn)明性和精確性的一個(gè)較好的折衷,也是大多數(shù)變換器分析方法的基礎(chǔ)。但是,它也有不少難以克服的缺點(diǎn),如無(wú)法估計(jì)輸出紋波的大小,穩(wěn)定性分析不夠準(zhǔn)確,難以對(duì)大信號(hào)過(guò)程作出中興ZXDU68 S601高頻開(kāi)關(guān)電源機(jī)柜 分析,也不能分析軟開(kāi)關(guān)變換器。
常規(guī)通信電源的設(shè)計(jì),對(duì)PWM變換器的處理,實(shí)際是把它當(dāng)作一個(gè)低頻的環(huán)節(jié),即是把經(jīng)過(guò)狀態(tài)空間平均以后所得的電路模型,簡(jiǎn)單得出占空比(控制量)與輸出電壓(被控制量)傳遞函數(shù)關(guān)系。以及負(fù)載電流、輸入電壓等等擾動(dòng)量對(duì)輸出電壓的傳遞函數(shù)關(guān)系,采用經(jīng)典控制理論的常規(guī)方法設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng),然后對(duì)其穩(wěn)定性等等性能指標(biāo)進(jìn)行校驗(yàn),沒(méi)有反映系統(tǒng)的高頻部分。倘若高頻的部分起主要作用,則所得的結(jié)果很良不準(zhǔn)確,不幸的是穩(wěn)定性分析即屬此列。實(shí)際上,開(kāi)關(guān)電源是一個(gè)非線(xiàn)性的系統(tǒng),系統(tǒng)存在著不同的過(guò)渡過(guò)程,即是由輸出電感和輸出電容等較大時(shí)間常數(shù)組成的毫秒級(jí)的暫態(tài)過(guò)程,以及功率器件在每個(gè)開(kāi)關(guān)過(guò)程中,寄生分布參數(shù)起主要作用的,微秒級(jí)開(kāi)關(guān)過(guò)渡過(guò)程。一般來(lái)說(shuō),即使是大信號(hào)分析方法,如果采用平均的方法的話(huà),所得到的結(jié)果是反映時(shí)間常數(shù)大的過(guò)渡過(guò)程,而時(shí)間常數(shù)小的開(kāi)關(guān)過(guò)渡過(guò)程很難反映出來(lái),這是因?yàn)槿∑骄前迅哳l分量去掉了。雖然,近年提出的高頻網(wǎng)絡(luò)法把不同過(guò)渡過(guò)程的快變量和慢變量分無(wú)從理論上可以得出解析解,但由于解的復(fù)雜性,難以在工程中得到具體的應(yīng)用。特別是近年來(lái),軟開(kāi)關(guān)技術(shù)出現(xiàn)以后,又導(dǎo)致?tīng)顟B(tài)空間平均法難以進(jìn)行分析。雖然近年出現(xiàn)很多分析方法,如諧波平衡法,等效電路法,采樣數(shù)據(jù)法,等效小參量法等等,但都顯得過(guò)分專(zhuān)業(yè)化,有的需要解復(fù)雜的微分方程,計(jì)算量過(guò)大;有的難以得到中興ZXDU68 S601開(kāi)關(guān)電源技術(shù)參數(shù)/報(bào)價(jià)顯式解,有的解物理意義不明顯。此外,系統(tǒng)的開(kāi)環(huán)和閉環(huán)的模型建立也需要一定的技巧。因此,必須繼續(xù)探討簡(jiǎn)單、實(shí)用、具有明顯工程意義的電路模型和滿(mǎn)足工程需要的大信號(hào)分析方法。
四、電磁兼容性分析電磁兼容EMC(electromagnetic compatibility)是指在有限的空間、時(shí)間和頻譜資源下,各種設(shè)備可以一起正常工作而性能不會(huì)變差。對(duì)設(shè)備和系統(tǒng),要具有良好的電磁兼容性,就應(yīng)既不受電磁環(huán)境的影響,又不給環(huán)境造成這種影響。電磁兼容性包括電磁干擾(EMI)和電磁敏感度(EMS)兩個(gè)方面,電磁干擾是設(shè)備和系統(tǒng)向外發(fā)出的干擾,電磁敏感度是設(shè)備對(duì)外來(lái)干擾的敏感程度和抵抗外界干擾的能力。電磁干擾叉有傳導(dǎo)干擾(通過(guò)導(dǎo)線(xiàn)或電源線(xiàn)向外傳送的干擾)和輻射干擾(通過(guò)空間電磁波向外的輻射干擾)。實(shí)際情況表明,電磁干擾會(huì)造成通信設(shè)備失效,通信噪音增大,計(jì)算機(jī)誤碼、信號(hào)誤差增大等等惡劣情況,直接影響通信的質(zhì)量和可靠性,隨著通信電源向高頻化和大功率化的發(fā)展,其電磁干擾發(fā)射的能量越來(lái)越大,其他電子設(shè)備、電力設(shè)備的廣泛應(yīng)用,也使得通信電源的電磁環(huán)境越來(lái)越復(fù)雜,通信電源很容易構(gòu)成主要的干擾源和被干擾者,解決通信電源的電磁干擾和射頻干擾問(wèn)題,對(duì)有效提高通信質(zhì)量和通信可靠性有極其重要的作用。目前許多電源工作者只著重于電路原理的正確性,對(duì)電磁兼容性問(wèn)題缺乏足夠的認(rèn)識(shí),總是等到調(diào)試過(guò)程中才修補(bǔ),往往造成電源系統(tǒng)的不能正常工作或不必要的浪費(fèi)。電磁兼容性問(wèn)題既有理論上的問(wèn)題,但更多的是一種實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)和工藝技術(shù),需要從電磁干擾的產(chǎn)生、傳播以及接收等方面加以研究解決。此外,對(duì)電源本身來(lái)說(shuō),選擇合適的電路拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu),合適的電路元器件,適當(dāng)?shù)?/span>濾波器,良好的屏蔽措施,合理的布線(xiàn)和正確的接地方式和良好的防雷措施,在監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)中,充分考慮各種各樣抗干擾措施,都是解決以上問(wèn)題的有效的方法。除了以上措施以外,軟開(kāi)關(guān)技術(shù)和功率因數(shù)校正技術(shù)以及其它一些新技術(shù),也都為上述問(wèn)題的解決提供一條新的途徑。中興ZXDU68 S601開(kāi)關(guān)電源技術(shù)參數(shù)/報(bào)價(jià)五、結(jié)論通信電源的設(shè)計(jì),既有理論問(wèn)題,涉及到現(xiàn)代電力電子技術(shù)、微電子技術(shù)、自動(dòng)控制理論、計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、磁性材料等相關(guān)學(xué)科知識(shí),因此,應(yīng)用相關(guān)理論的最新成果到通信電源中,是提高其性能水平、質(zhì)量和可靠性的重要措施之一。除此之外,通信電源的設(shè)計(jì),也是一種實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)和工藝技術(shù)。元器件的選擇,工藝技術(shù),電磁兼容性的考慮等等,也都是設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)要充分考慮和認(rèn)識(shí)的。因此,在理論和實(shí)踐中不斷創(chuàng)新,對(duì)通信電源的更新?lián)Q代和培養(yǎng)高水平的開(kāi)發(fā)隊(duì)伍具有重要的意義。
At present, most of the communication power supply of high frequency switching power supply instead of phase controlled power supply, controlled sealed lead-acid battery to replace acidspray proof lead-acid battery with valve, manual control technology with computer monitoring system to replace the traditional, complete communication power rep中興ZXDU68 S601高頻開(kāi)關(guān)電源機(jī)柜 lacement work. The
In recent years, with the progress of technology, especially the power devices upgrade, constantly using new electromagnetic material, continuous improvement of power conversion technology, progress control method, and related disciplines of technology integration, communication in power system reliability, stability, electromagnetic compatibility, to eliminate the harmonic and improve power could have made considerable progress in terms of utilization rate, reduce the loss, improve the dynamic performance of the system and so on. In addition, due to the wide application of computer monitoring system in communication power supply, but also makes the degree of intelligent power increasing, system maintenance and management capacity has been strengthened; and the perfect grounding system and lightning protection measures to further improve the power supply of the MTBF time average no fault. At present, the communication power is developing in the direction of high frequency, high power density, high power factor, high efficiency, high reliability and high intelligence. The
China's communication power has gone through a road of introduction of technology, joint venture production and independent development and development. Due to the good market prospect of communication power and the high added value of products, many domestic scientific research institutes and manufacturers have invested a lot of manpower and material resources to develop and develop a good communication power supply. At present, domestic manufacturers of communication power supply with independent intellectual property rights are: intercontinental communication power Refco Group Ltd in Wuhan, Shenzhen, HUAWEI,中興ZXDU68 S601開(kāi)關(guān)電源技術(shù)參數(shù)/報(bào)價(jià) ZTE, Beijing power company, Zhuhai electric power company Hangzhou gold, Qiao Xing company etc.. The main domestic joint venture manufacturers are: Shanghai xindianyuan communication power supply company, SIEMENS company in Shanghai, Shanghai in Guangzhou Pearl River Tektronix Inc - Vladimir, Telecom Equipment Manufacturing Co. Ltd. etc.. The main foreign communication power market saw the manufacturers: the United States, Liberty (Liebert), and Rita (Reltech) company, Norway Yida group company (Eltek), New Zealand's swichtec (Switchtech), etc.. After entering the 9O era, with the technological innovation and progress, the products of foreign telecom power suppliers usually have the following characteristics: (1) adopt current control mode instead of voltage control mode. (2) the phase shift control mode soft switching technology, the full bridge zero voltage switch, is used. (3) the power factor correction technique is used. (4) it has the function of module automatic flow sharing. (5) the function of four remote remote control, telemetry, telecontrol and remote control. (6) the management technology of battery monitoring and charging current limiting function. (7) the interface - friendly monitoring software. (8) good electromagnetic compatibility and lightning protection measures. (9) complete protection and alarm function. The
In terms of the overall performance, there is a gap between the level of China's telecommunication power supply and the foreign products of the same kind. The main gap is the reliability, stability and technical performance of the work. Therefore, organizational strength developed with independent intellectual property rights, a new generation of communication power supply with high technology content, to revitalize national industry, improve product quality and competitiveness, has an important significance to improve the level of research and development team, will also bring remarkable economic benefits and social benefits. In
Two, communication power supply devices, circuit topology and control technology of the
The power of communication, the core part is the switch converter, and the converter technology progress is mainly embodied in the device, the circuit topology and control technology breakthrough, therefore, the latest achievements of the application of these technologies related to communication power, communication power is one of important measures to improve the technical performance, quality and reliability. Can be discussed from the following aspects: the
1, from the topological structure and device aspect of the circuit, the transformation circuit topology of communication power supply mainly adopts double single ended circuit, half bridge circuit and full bridge circuit. It is generally believed that it is appropriate to use double single end circuit or half bridge circuit in medium and small power situations, and full bridge conversion circuit is used in high-power situations. Although there are some new converter circuit topology, such as the CuK converter input, low output ripple, the transmission ratio of Buck-Flyback converter and so on, but the emergence of a series of new technology of soft switching technology, cooling circuit topology transformation, in the present case, the circuit topology changes little. The
中興ZXDU68 S601開(kāi)關(guān)電源技術(shù)參數(shù)/報(bào)價(jià)
From the perspective of power devices, electronic devices from the half controlled device (SCR), to the development of the self turn off devices of all kinds, and has the power integrated circuit (PIC) 中興ZXDU68 S601高頻開(kāi)關(guān)電源機(jī)柜 the emergence of the driving mode from the current driven development model of driving mode for voltage type. In the current communication power supply, due to the different applications, field-effect transistor (MOSFET) and insulated gate transistor (IGBT) are two kinds of devices that are used more. Generally speaking, FET drive is easy to drive, with high switching frequency, positive temperature coefficient and easy parallel connection. Its disadvantage is that its structure is limited, its voltage is not high, and its body resistance is too large (although parallel can reduce its resistance). It is generally believed that in field of medium and low power, FET is suitable, and its switching frequency is very high, which can reduce the volume, weight and cost of the entire power supply. Driving can use simple pulse transformer, and it can pass through the tube.
中興ZXDU68 S601高頻開(kāi)關(guān)電源機(jī)柜 中興ZXDU68 S601開(kāi)關(guān)電源技術(shù)參數(shù)/報(bào)價(jià)中興ZXDU68 S601開(kāi)關(guān)電源技術(shù)參數(shù)/報(bào)價(jià)中興ZXDU68 S601開(kāi)關(guān)電源技術(shù)參數(shù)/報(bào)價(jià)
KEYENCE(基恩士)光纖模組:FU-10 FU-11 FU-12 FU-15 FU-16 FU-16Z FU-18 FU-18Z FU-20 FU-22 FU-21X FU-22X FU-23 FU-23X FU-24X FU-25 FU-31 FU-32 FU-33 FU-34 FU-35FA FU-35FG FU-35FZ FU-35TG FU-35TZ FU-36X FU-37 FU-38 FU-38H FU-38K FU-38R FU-38S FU-38V FU-4O FU-41TZ FU-42 FU-42TZ FU-43 FU-45X FU-46 FU-47TZ FU-48 FU-49X FU-4F FU-4FZ FU-50 FU-51TZ FU-52TZ FU-53TZ FU-54TZ FU-55 FU-56 FU-57TE FU-58 FU-59 FU-5F FU-5FZ FU-61 FU-61Z FU-63 FU-63Z FU-65X FU-66 FU-66Z FU-66TZ FU-67G FU-67 FU-67TZ FU-67V FU-68 FU-69X FU-6F FU-71 FU-71Z FU-73 FU-75F FU-76F FU-77 FU-77G FU-77TZ FU-77V FU-78 FU-79 FU-7F FU-95 FU-95Z FU-95S FU-83C FU-84C FU-85 FU-85Z FU-87Z FU-93 FU-93Z等FU全系列光纖
德國(guó)P+F倍加福光電開(kāi)關(guān)
接近開(kāi)關(guān)、光電開(kāi)關(guān)、物位傳感器、編碼器、接近式傳感器,光電傳感器,超聲波傳感器,增量編碼器、絕對(duì)值編碼器,防爆編碼器,總線(xiàn)模塊、光柵、P+F安全柵等柵等系列產(chǎn)品。